Archives

Present were His Eminence Metropolitan Antony, His Eminence Archbishop Daniel, along with eight members of the clergy and seven laypeople. As the bells of St. Andrew Memorial Church began to peal, echoing throughout the Metropolia Complex, the faithful, which had arrived for the St. Thomas Sunday festivities, gathered at the foot of the church steps to greet their hierarchs. The children, dressed in Ukrainian Vyshyvanka (embroidery), squirmed and rehearsed the words they would say upon greeting His Eminence Metropolitan Antony, and His Eminence Archbishop Daniel.

Importance of Sober Living in Recovery

• By being aware of these potential drawbacks, individuals can better prepare themselves for the challenges they may face and take proactive steps to address them, ensuring a more successful and fulfilling recovery journey.
• Ultimately, the decision to pursue sober living should be based on what will provide the most support and best chance for long-term recovery.
• We hope to bring aid and comfort to special needs orphans and orphanages in a country that currently does not have the means to do so.
• Sunday, February 12, 2012 was a special day for Holy Trinity Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral in New York City, NY and a special day for the children of Puhachiv and Znamyanka Orphanages in Ukraine as faithful of the parish community in New York City, NY hosted a fundraising event to benefit the needs of the disabled children.
• With the blessing of His Eminence Archbishop Daniel, the Divine Liturgy for the feast of the day was celebrated by Very Rev. Fr.
• The aim of SYNDESMOS is to develop cooperation and communication among Orthodox youth movements and theological schools around the world, and to promote within them a deeper understanding and vision of their common faith.

A week before His Resurrection, Jesus entered the city of Jerusalem riding a donkey. The people who greeted Jesus, in a manner of honor, covered His path by laying down clothing and branches. The entry of Jesus into Jerusalem is “triumphal” because it is an event intended to proclaim that the Prince of Peace (Jesus Christ) has arrived as the King of Israel. This is why Jesus rode on a donkey – a symbol of peace, as opposed to a warrior on horseback. This year, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church is offering two full paid scholarships through the Saint Sophia Ukrainian Orthodox Theological Seminary for clergy of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA.

Our St. John Ukrainian Orthodox Church’s basement, library, museum, classrooms and boiler room received flooding and damage, as did our rectory basement, and boiler room in our Memorial Center. Many of our own parishioners have been affected with loss of possessions or their homes. We currently have 15 families from St. John’s who have experienced damage due to flooding. We are reaching out to them all on a personal basis to assess their individual needs whether monetary, physical or emotional. As we have talked to most victims about their loss from of this historic flooding, the devastation is overwhelming. The tolls for many are great and the emotional burden has truly brought our parish members to tears and feelings of despair, depression and inability to cope.

In the process, residents get a feel for managing real world life pressures while having access to needed recovery-based supports. Additionally, sober colleges represent a specialized type of sober living home that combines academic support with recovery services, providing a structured environment for young adults pursuing education while maintaining sobriety. These institutions help residents manage the challenges of both academic life and recovery, ensuring a balanced approach to their rehabilitation journey. The main benefits of sober living homes are developing responsibility, life skills, and community-building through shared experiences with peers. These benefits support recovery by equipping residents with the necessary skills and support network to maintain sobriety. Douglas L. Polcin et al. (2010) demonstrated that these benefits significantly improve substance use, employment, and criminal justice over 18 months.

Eudaimonia Can Help Keep You on the Path to Recovery

Because a large number do not have a stable living environment that supports abstinence from alcohol and drugs, ORS developed SLHs where clients can live while they attend the outpatient program. The houses are different from freestanding SLHs, such as those at CSTL, because all residents must be involved in the outpatient program. Most residents enter the houses after residing in a short term homeless shelter located near the program. At admission, nearly all residents are eligible for some type of government assistance (e.g., general assistance or social security disability) and use those funds to pay SLH fees.

Dozens of people died in Arizona sober living homes as state officials fumbled Medicaid fraud response

As students of history we know about the representatives of the 13 colonies gathering in June 1776, to consider a resolution that would declare that independence from Great Britain. First, the Continental Congress voted in favor of independence on July 2nd and then just two days later, its delegates adopted the document drafted by Thomas Jefferson – Declaration of Independence. Part of our mission, is to provide youth and college aged young adults the opportunity to become more involved with their faith, while showcasing the talented and creative youth we have within in our Ukrainian Orthodox Churches. We want our youth to realize that having fun and utilizing creativity can be manifested in a project that shows how they correlate their life with their faith.

Treatment Systems

In addition, it is important to note that residents were able to maintain improvements even after they left the SLHs. By 18 months nearly all had left, yet improvements were for the most part maintained. Some houses have a “residents’ council,” which functions as a type of government for the house. Residents should also factor in potential upfront fees such as first and last month’s rent, security deposits, and administrative fees that could inflate initial expenses. Additional monthly costs may arise from utilities, food, transportation, and personal care necessities.

• In summary, sober living homes provide a vital support network essential for preventing relapse and fostering long-term recovery.
• It is dedicated to the Restoration of Icons on the first Sunday of the Great Lent in the year 843.
• Let us pray for those who struggle with disabilities and pain, whether physical, emotional or spiritual, asking God to bring powerful healing and renewal.
• Unlike treatment centers, which are subject to strict licensing requirements and oversight, sober living homes often operate without any formal regulations.

Recovery’s Hidden Challenge: The Rise of Transfer Addiction

Residents engage in daily activities that often include chores, group meetings, and therapy sessions, all designed to promote discipline and commitment to sobriety. AZCIR and ProPublica found that officials’ botched response to the crisis resulted in Native Americans losing access to behavioral health services that were being provided to them. This Recovery Review post is by David McCartney, who is an addiction medicine specialist and Clinical Lead at LEAP, a quasi-residential therapeutic community addiction treatment program in Scotland. He trained as a family medicine practitioner and spent much of his career in practice in inner-city Glasgow. Having retrained in addictions, he now works exclusively in the field and until recently was an advisor to the Scottish government on drugs policy.

The camp’s facilities include volleyball courts, a swimming pool, 10 cabins for participants, a Millennium Cultural Center with housing and classrooms, and an activities pavilion, tennis and basketball courts, an infirmary and nature trails. All Kobzarska Sich participants are housed on the grounds of All Saints Camp in either cabins or in the Millennium Cultural Center. The Annual Sts Peter and Paul Ukrainian Orthodox Church School Camp took place on June, 2012 in Palos Park, IL. The Junior and Senior UOL Chapters of the Protection of the Birth-Giver of God Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral in Allentown, PA have worked tirelessly over the last two years preparing for this memorable week of faith, fellowship and most of all, fun. That preparation is evident as the events of the first two days have been thoughtfully conceived and flawlessly executed.

Another recovery house owner-operator told Filter he has lost two residents over the years to fentanyl-involved overdoses. Last month, DDAP and Pennsylvania’s department of Community and Economic Development announced $1 million in grant funding for recovery houses seeking state licenses. The grants will help existing facilities with physical upgrades and inspections to comply with all federal, state, and local laws and ordinances. In the year beginning July 1, 2022, the state will award grants to between 22 and 25 eligible applicants. Applicants for state licenses must follow a series of requirements—including allowing residents to use FDA-approved opioid use disorder medications, which many facilities currently do not.

• St. Andrew Ukrainian Orthodox parish in Blakely, PA was a site of a prayerful celebration on August 25, 2018.
• This fast continues to the Great Feast of the Nativity of our Lord and God and Savior Jesus Christ – the Incarnation – God becoming one of us for no other reason than to prove the depth of His Love for us.
• As the prayerful chanting of CHRIS is RISEN penetrated the hearts of those in attendance, the walls of the Memorial Church once again felt the historical presence of traditional prayers on the weekend following Glorious Pascha celebration…
• But be sure to remember that for us – Orthodox Christians, Thanksgiving is more than a Thursday in November.
• The church bell rang out welcoming His Eminence Archbishop Antony for the celebration of the parish’s anniversary as the singers sang the entrance troparia while His Eminence entered the sanctuary.

The MOBIA exhibit is quite exceptional, with icons from the museum of the Pecherska Lavra. This is a once in a lifetime opportunity to view these religious and historic artifacts here in the USA. On Tuesday, September 21, 2010 His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew received the Officers of the Episcopal Assembly of North and Central America at the Ecumenical https://abercrombieadeutschland1912.info/practical-and-helpful-tips-5 Patriarchate in Istanbul. His All Holiness had invited the Officers for the substantive and detailed meeting. The simple word “century” can seem very daunting in terms of describing an historical time period.

On Sunday, April 26, 2015, St. Andrew Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Boston was honored to have a visit from His Eminence Metropolitan Antony. The Metropolitan was greeted with flowers by the children of the parish, bread and salt by Parish Board President, Jane Yavarow and the holy cross by Fr. At the conclusion of the https://ad-smart.org/countdown-to-closure-okx-to-cease-crypto-services-in-nigeria-by-august Liturgy, Metropolitan Antony invited everyone outside for a group photo. When we hear about casualties of war, we tend to think about those who don’t return home. It is with a profound depth of sadness and prayer that we inform the clergy and the faithful of our Holy Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA about the falling asleep of a servant of God – Pani-Matka Anna Hankevych, of St. Vladimir Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral in Parma, OH. Families from as far away as Ukraine and as close to home as Pennsylvania came together in Christian community at All Saints Camp, located in Emlenton, Pennsylvania.

Every year the Orthodox Church sets aside the first fourteen days of August in honor of the Virgin Mary. This fast period is climaxed on August 28th, when the Church gathers to celebrate the Great Feast of the Formation (Falling-Asleep) of the Birth-Giver of God. However, one potential downside of access to resources and services is that some individuals may become too reliant on them.

Peer support is a powerful way to prevent relapse and promote respect and accountability. Orthodox Christian Fellowship (OCF) is the official campus ministry effort under SCOBA. We are a Pan-Orthodox effort, overseen by an Executive Committee and aided by an 20 person Student Advisory Board. We are here to guide and support local OCF chapters through communication with the larger Orthodox Community, our National Programs, and development of resources Orthodox college students and those interested in Orthodoxy can utilize. It is expected that students will attend the services organized by the Institute, and they are encouraged to take an active part in the Orthodox parishes and in the Orthodox student community in Cambridge. Students also have the opportunity to discuss pastoral, theological and personal matters with the Chaplain of the Institute, whenever necessary.

Their movements in which stage of intoxication does an individual become aggressive or withdrawn and sleepy are even more impaired as they become more prone to dizziness and falls. A person in the Severe Impairment Stage can also become numb and insensitive to pain. At this stage, there are typically no noticeable signs of intoxication. Alcohol addiction is one of the most common forms of addiction many adults experience. When left unchecked, this addiction can lead to ruined relationships, careers, and health. They do not know what is going on and cannot remember what happens, making it very dangerous.

Alcoholism Resources and Programs

• Although the idea of getting drunk may sound exciting, a reduction in your physical and mental abilities can lead to risky behaviors and injury to yourself or others.
• Sometimes medications may be used in alcohol addiction treatment.
• Alcohol addiction is one of the most common forms of addiction many adults experience.

After this, if the person still needs care, they will require a different type of program such as a longer term residential program. These effects typically start to occur when alcohol reaches a certain percentage of a person’s bloodstream, known as their blood alcohol content (BAC). Reaching the Stupor Stage can be very dangerous and even fatal for a person. At this stage, 1 out of every 400 milliliters of blood in the body is alcohol.

Get Help Today at Our Alcohol Treatment Center

Our caring, compassionate staff and evidence-based therapies can help you get sober and take control of your life. Treatment should focus on giving patients the education, tools, and support they need to detox safely, get sober, and maintain long-term sobriety. The root causes of alcohol use are unique to each individual. A quality treatment program will center around your unique needs and the best methods of treatment to address those needs. When a person is intoxicated and loses their gag reflex, the doctor may insert a breathing tube to prevent vomit from entering the lungs.

How Does Drinking Progress?

• Support groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Self-Management And Recovery Training (SMART) are open to anyone with a substance use disorder.
• For others, however, it can be something as dangerous as a decision to drive home.
• If a loved one is habitually struggling with alcohol intoxication, you must speak to him about alcohol rehabilitation treatment.
• Their emotions are heightened, which could lead to unpredictable, aggressive or violent behavior.
• This is a zombie-like stage of intoxication, and there’s the chance of experiencing alcohol poisoning, coma, or death.

Signs of impaired judgement can include becoming more careless with money, making irrational statements and showing difficulty in coordinating precise movements. Intoxication can also lead to choking due to vomit, extreme dehydration, circulatory issues, seizures, and even brain damage. This stage is usually not counted as there is too little alcohol in the system to have noticeable effects.

We base differences on several things, like genetics, body weight, frequency of intoxication, overall general health, and more. Of course, the severity of a person’s symptoms will depend on how much they have had to drink. The state of intoxication from alcohol is commonly known as being drunk. It is a temporary condition that comes with both physical and behavioral changes. It results from the consumption of an excessive amount of alcohol within a relatively brief time. When one consumes alcohol at a faster rate than their body can metabolize it, they become intoxicated.

Alcohol Server Training

For some, it can be something as benign as sending a message to an ex. For others, however, it can be something as dangerous as a decision to drive home. This decision, coupled with a decrease in motor function, coordination, and reaction time, leads to many car crashes. Around 30 https://ecosoberhouse.com/ people per day die from drunk-driving accidents in the United States.

• With the right people and mindset, people can overcome any addiction.
• Judgment and control are impaired, and the person may experience blurred vision, sleepiness, confusion and even short-term memory loss.
• Treatment should focus on giving patients the education, tools, and support they need to detox safely, get sober, and maintain long-term sobriety.
• By U.S. standards, a standard drink is 12 ounces of 5% alcohol by volume (ABV) beer, 1 ounce of 40% ABV spirits, or 5 ounces of 12% ABV wine.
• Around 30 people per day die from drunk-driving accidents in the United States.
• Their heart rate has likely slowed as well, and their body temperature is dropping dangerously low.

Although estimates vary across studies, about 13.9% of adults meet criteria for an alcohol use disorder (abuse or dependence) in any given year (1). Binge drinking, defined as consuming ≥ 5 drinks per occasion for men and ≥ 4 drinks per occasion for women, is a particular problem among younger people. In modeling psychopathology, non-human primates offer numerous advantages. Their rearing histories can be controlled systematically and manipulated in a manner not possible in humans, thus allowing researchers to test hypotheses concerning the role of early experiences. Experimental procedures that are not practical in humans are possible in nonhuman primates.

Although the drinker may be enjoying these initial effects, the negative intoxication symptoms will manifest. If you have one standard drink, your BAC will probably not surpass 0.05%. You will probably not show signs of intoxication by observation alone. They may be able to have drinks with friends on the weekend or a glass of wine at dinner with little consequence.

Getting professional medical help is necessary in situations of extreme alcohol intoxication. That’s because paramedics, physicians, and other medical staff can administer certain treatments to help mitigate the effects of intoxication. Those can include oxygen therapy, a breathing tube that keeps airways clear, or IV fluids for dehydration. All therapies must be individualized to each patient’s needs and adjusted to reflect the patient’s response to treatment. Partial hospitalization programs (PHPs) provide similar services to inpatient programs.

Death

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse (NIAA) defines binge drinking as consuming four drinks on one occasion for females and five drinks for males. “Heavy drinking” refers to binge drinking five or more Sober living house days within the past month. There are different stages of intoxication you should be aware of. When combined with other evidence-based therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), MAT can help prevent relapse and increase your chance of recovery. Most programs help set up your aftercare once you complete the inpatient portion of your treatment. Medical care professionals treating patients for alcohol poisoning should check for possible Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD).

Regular physical activity, such as aerobic exercises and strength training, can help maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of gallbladder problems. Additionally, staying hydrated by drinking an adequate amount of water each day can help prevent the concentration of bile and the formation of gallstones. Remember that everyone’s situation is unique, so it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance and support. By moderating alcohol consumption, adopting a healthy lifestyle, and seeking medical advice when needed, individuals can take proactive steps to reduce the risk of gallbladder stones. It’s important to remember that everyone’s is alcohol bad for your gallbladder situation is unique, so consulting with a healthcare professional is essential to receive personalized guidance and support.

Reducing the Risk of Gallbladder Stones

While moderate alcohol consumption has been shown to reduce the risk of gallstones in some studies, heavy drinking has the opposite effect. Excessive alcohol intake can lead to liver damage, which affects bile production and increases the likelihood of gallstone formation. When the liver is damaged, it can produce imbalanced bile, leading to the crystallization of cholesterol or bilirubin, which can then form gallstones. This includes moderating your alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of gallstone formation and gallbladder inflammation.

Therefore, even without digestive issues, it’s wise to adhere to a low-fat diet for long-term health. Moderate alcohol consumption has not been proven to have significant positive effects on the gallbladder. It’s important to prioritize overall digestive health through a healthy lifestyle, including diet, exercise, and hydration. Recognizing these symptoms and understanding when to seek medical attention is vital. If pain persists or worsens with alcohol consumption, it may be wise to consult a healthcare provider for further evaluation. This article explores the complex relationship between alcohol and gallbladder health, examining potential risks, symptoms, and management strategies.

Find a brighter tomorrow by starting with our compassionate team of medical professionals and recovery specialists today. These three steps can also help lower one’s chances of developing gallstones, hypertension, and even diabetes, she added. Learn about the best foods, exercises, and treatments to improve digestion, relieve bloating, and prevent constipation naturally.

Alcohol and your health

In addition to moderating alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy lifestyle plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of gallbladder stones. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help prevent the formation of gallbladder stones. Regular exercise is also important, as it aids in maintaining a healthy weight and promoting overall gallbladder health. If you have a history of gallstones or are at risk, it may be advisable to limit or avoid alcohol consumption.

Studies have shown that heavy alcohol consumption can increase cholesterol levels in the bile, leading to the formation of cholesterol gallstones. These stones can obstruct the gallbladder and cause symptoms such as pain and inflammation. In conclusion, alcohol can have a significant impact on the gallbladder, leading to various problems such as gallstones and inflammation. While moderate alcohol consumption may not have a significant impact on the gallbladder, excessive alcohol consumption can have long-term effects on the organ and lead to serious health problems. Gallbladder stones, or gallstones, are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in the gallbladder.

Alcohol Addiction Treatment Options

• If you have concerns about gallstones or are experiencing symptoms related to gallbladder problems, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and guidance.
• While moderate alcohol consumption may lower your risk of gallstones, drinking too much alcohol can have a negative impact on your health in several ways.
• Let’s explore this question, seeking to understand the impact of alcohol on gallstones and the recommended dietary choices for those affected.
• The gallbladder doesn’t tend to get a lot of attention unless a problem arises.
• This inflammation can result in symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever.

Opioid detox is a physically and emotionally grueling process with symptoms like muscle pain, nausea, anxiety, and insomnia, but with the right support, recovery is possible. Key factors like personalized treatment, behavioral therapies, strong support systems, co-occurring disorder care, and aftercare programs significantly impact alcohol rehab success rates. Anthropometric data were collected, and DAL was calculated using the potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) indices. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for confounders.

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism recommends that individuals limit their alcohol intake to no more than one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. It is also advisable to eat a balanced diet that is low in saturated fats and cholesterol, as these can contribute to the formation of gallstones. Additionally, staying hydrated and engaging in regular physical activity can support gallbladder health.

Can avoiding alcohol help prevent gallbladder attacks?

This dietary approach can help alleviate symptoms, reduce the risk of complications, and support overall gallbladder health. In this section, we will provide you with expert recommendations for a gallstone-friendly diet, along with guidance on how to incorporate alcohol safely, if at all. Heavy alcohol consumption can lead to an imbalance in the composition of bile, which is necessary for proper digestion. Excessive alcohol intake can also impair gallbladder function, hindering its ability to adequately transport bile. One of the primary concerns is the potential for alcohol to contribute to gallstone formation.

While the exact mechanism is not fully understood, several factors contribute to this relationship. Alcohol can increase the level of cholesterol in the bile, leading to the formation of gallstones. The gallbladder, a small organ located beneath the liver, plays a crucial role in the digestion of fats. Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. When we consume a fatty meal, the gallbladder contracts, releasing bile into the small intestine. Bile helps in breaking down fats into smaller particles, making them easier to digest and absorb.

What Does Meth Addiction Treatment Look Like?

In fact, studies have shown that individuals who consume more than 30 grams of alcohol per day are at a higher risk of developing gallstones compared to those who do not consume alcohol. Additionally, chronic alcohol consumption can lead to inflammation of the gallbladder, a condition known as alcoholic cholecystitis. By being aware of these potential symptoms and understanding the effects of alcohol on the gallbladder, individuals can take proactive steps to protect their health.

When it comes to diagnosing gallbladder problems related to alcohol, healthcare providers may perform a series of tests to determine the extent of the damage. These tests can include ultrasound imaging, blood tests, and possibly even a liver biopsy to assess the overall health of the gallbladder and liver. The general recommendation is to avoid alcohol, especially if you’re already dealing with gallbladder issues. Drinking alcohol when experiencing gallbladder pain can worsen symptoms and delay recovery. It occurs when a gallstone blocks the common bile duct, which links the gallbladder to the liver.

Small amounts may be tolerated by some people, but excessive drinking can lead to severe discomfort or even gallbladder attacks. When it comes to alcohol consumption, best practices for alcohol with gallstones involve moderation and awareness of personal tolerance levels. Excessive alcohol intake can irritate the gallbladder and potentially contribute to gallstone formation. Therefore, it is recommended to limit alcohol consumption and be mindful of individual triggers. Some individuals may find it beneficial to cut back or avoid alcohol altogether while managing gallstones. Alcohol consumption can lead to gallbladder inflammation, medically known as cholecystitis.

Of course, this doesn’t mean you should start drinking to keep your gallbladder healthy. This is especially true because heavy drinking islinked toother gallbladder problems, including cancer of the gallbladder. Many healthcare professionals recommend consuming little to no alcohol because alcohol consumption can increase the risk of some health conditions. If you have a history of heavy alcohol consumption and are concerned about the impact on your gallbladder, it is essential to seek medical advice. Remember, early detection and intervention can help prevent complications and improve your overall health.

• When it comes to alcohol consumption, best practices for alcohol with gallstones involve moderation and awareness of personal tolerance levels.
• The amount of alcohol that is considered excessive can vary depending on factors such as age, gender, weight, and overall health.
• We typically tend to think of things like breast cancer and liver conditions when considering thedamaging effects of alcohol.
• Because of how close the gallbladder is to the liver (directly behind it), and how common liver problems are for those who drink lots of alcohol, some wonder if drinking can impact the gallbladder too.

Additionally, if cirrhosis occurs in the liver, there is a higher risk of gallstones due to the scarring of the liver. Alcohol has the potential to impact many areas of your health and your body, especially when the substance is used heavily. There are a variety of alcohol-related risks to be aware of, but avoiding heavy use and only drinking in moderation can help you avoid many of them. Increasing your intake of fiber, fruits, and vegetables can also support better digestion and reduce gallbladder strain.

Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to a decrease in bile production or an imbalance in the composition of bile, which can contribute to gallbladder problems. To comprehend the relationship between alcohol and gallbladder health, it is essential to first understand the role of the gallbladder in digestion and the common issues that can affect it. Since your body is no longer storing the bile, consuming a high-fat diet daily can increase your risk of developing metabolism-related issues like dyslipidemia, diabetes, and fatty liver.

By practicing moderation in alcohol consumption, adopting a healthy lifestyle, and seeking medical advice when needed, you can take proactive steps to protect and care for your gallbladder. Remember, prevention and early intervention are key to maintaining optimal gallbladder health. It’s important to note that while alcohol can contribute to gallbladder problems, other factors such as genetics, diet, and overall lifestyle also play a role.